(James Stewart Martin) The story of German linguistic communication manufacture before World War II should audio increasingly familiar to Americans. Industries are existence consolidated as well as a few wealthy men are belongings the reins.
Related: Mainstream Media Confirm Dalai Lama is a CIA Asset
Source - The Event Chronicle
by James Stewart Martin, Oct 24th, 2017
That solitary makes the volume excerpted below — All Honorable Men: The Story of the Men on Both Sides of the Atlantic Who Successfully Thwarted Plans to Dismantle the Nazi Cartel System— an of import read. However, the volume offers much more. The publishers depict it equally “A scathing assault on Wall Street’s illegal ties to Nazi Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany before WWII — as well as the postwar whitewashing of Nazi concern leaders past times the US government.” This is no exaggeration.
In fact, the CIA allegedly tried to purchase all copies of this volume when it was kickoff published.
The author, James Stewart Martin, had been the Department of Justice’s Chief of the Economic Warfare Section during World War II. Part of his project had been suggesting cardinal German linguistic communication industries for aerial bombardment.
After the war, he became manager of the Division for Investigation of Cartels as well as External Assets inwards American Military Government.
President Harry S. Truman sent him to Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany to investigate Nazi economical warfare, as well as to dismantle Third Reich industry, that is, to transition the monopoly command of German linguistic communication businesses to a gratis marketplace economy, a physical care for known equally decartelization.
Martin was also sent to Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany to investigate the connections betwixt these Nazi-controlled cartels — as well as Wall Street. The connections were broad as well as deep. Many US corporations had done concern with German linguistic communication corporations who helped fund the Nazi Party. And these businesses on both sides of the Atlantic knew what their coin was supporting.
Tragically, the operate of Martin, as well as his squad of idealistic lawyers, was sabotaged past times his superior officer, an investment banker. He concluded:
“We had non been stopped inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany past times German linguistic communication business. We had been stopped inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany past times American business.”
Introduction past times WhoWhatWhy staff.
Chapter 1 from All Honorable Men: The Story of the Men on Both Sides of the Atlantic Who Successfully Thwarted Plans to Dismantle the Nazi Cartel System, past times James Stewart Martin (Kindle Version, Forbidden Bookshelf 2016), (First published past times Little, Brown as well as Company, 1950).
All Honorable Men
The twenty-four hr menses I started to write this nosotros discovered termites inwards the basement. We were preparing to construct a fly on our old theatre as well as found a colony of them inwards the heavy timbers.
Termites are able organizers, as well as thoroughly attached to their way of life. The surface area they occupy is minor inwards relation to the theatre — only the heavy underpinnings. They object vigorously to exterior interference from the people who live inwards the other parts of the house. They object specially to structural changes, which they are natural springtime to consider unwarranted.
They receive got ii skillful reasons for objecting to changes. In the kickoff identify exposure to low-cal as well as air kills them. In the instant identify whatever movement of the underpinnings ruins the whole construction of tunnels as well as channels which their enterprise has built inside the framework of the house.
We hated to disturb them. They looked busy as well as enterprising. They seemed to desire nix to a greater extent than than a comfortable existence inwards accordance with their way of life.
We cleared the termites out to salvage the house, but I recall I know how they looked at the whole matter. At the destination of the Second World War I spent ii as well as a one-half years inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany dealing with some people who must recall pretty much the same way.
Throughout this menses at that spot were occasional rumblings inwards the press from Thurman Arnold [FDR’s attorney general, DOJ antitrust division], who was complaining nigh the international affairs of some American corporations.
These companies were oft mentioned inwards connexion with the German linguistic communication dyestuffs as well as chemic trust formed nigh twelve years earlier, known equally the I.G. Farbenindustrie…..
Later on, during the war, the dependent area of private international arrangements with concern firms, specially when they took the shape of cartel agreements, got a considerable amount of world attention. But inwards those before days it was different. Many people could consider no of import regulation at stake when the authorities announced some novel antitrust suit against a grouping of American as well as unusual firms.
On the surface these international cases appeared to live no dissimilar from whatever other authorities lawsuit such equally ane involving a monopoly of Wisconsin cheese or California hardwood.
At kickoff the only remarkable characteristic of the operations encountered inwards the international cases was their size as well as scope. Even judging from the brief summaries inwards dispatches from Washington something inwards the giant stature of the companies involved, some hint of the vast sweep of their arrangements, reminded ane of an ancient Greek epic.
I began to slice together a story from a growing collection of paper clippings. The cases Arnold as well as his men were talking nigh had to practise with a serial of arrangements dating dorsum for a decade or so, to 1926 as well as 1929, when international agreements with some of the biggest American, British as well as German linguistic communication firms had quietly divided upwards the world.
What I heard as well as read of these antitrust cases as well as the novel sort of international brotherhood they implied — a concern brotherhood to a greater extent than solidly built than the “international finance” of past times generations — began to select other events closer to home.
In mid-March 1939, when a grouping of some of the largest British as well as German linguistic communication industrialists gathered at Düsseldorf to map plans for the economical collaboration betwixt their ii countries, the press barely reported the meetings. I mightiness receive got skipped the word items solely had I non been already familiar with the dependent area matter.
It was impossible to overlook the fact that the industrialists who were coming together at Düsseldorf were from the same groups of companies which 10 years before had arranged the three-way split of the world’s markets.
The growing conviction that these private international arrangements were of import was brought to a caput past times my encounter with the German linguistic communication ex-chancellor, Heinrich Brüning, early on inwards 1940, during the menses of the “phony war.” St. John’s College invited Dr. Brüning to give a lecture nigh the in conclusion days of the German linguistic communication Republic as well as how he had been deposed to brand way for Hitler. His lecture was largely a description, past times hindsight, of his ain blindness during the fourth dimension he was chancellor.
Dr. Brüning’s story was ane of existence ever a pace behind the events. By his ain concern human relationship he never knew what striking him until after he had been deposed as well as was hiding out inwards the mountains of Austria.
While gangs of Nazis combed the countryside looking for him, he spent his days reading as well as for the kickoff fourth dimension understanding Thucydides’s classic history of the Peloponnesian War: a operate that generations of British diplomats receive got used for a teething ring, as well as that Dr. Brüning had carried with him from his early on youth.
As he reread Thucydides’s story of ancient ability struggles, he of a precipitous began to realize what forces had been combined against him inwards Germany: how nether the pressure level of direction he had assented to decrees that weakened the “equal protection of the laws,” as well as how large-scale economical forces had made inevitable some developments he had tried to stalk past times “voluntary” agreements with concern interests.
Even inwards the retelling, however, it seemed to me that Dr. Brüning ane time to a greater extent than showed some of his onetime blindness. The main betoken inwards Thucydides’s history was the uncovering of the large component division that economical forces play inwards bringing nations into conflict.
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| Election poster for the German linguistic communication Center Party inwards the concluding stage of the republic. Heinrich Brüning was the in conclusion Reichskanzler, whose cabinet had a sure enough parliamentary basis. Photo credit: Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung / Wikimedia (CC BY-SA 3.0 DE) |
It was, throughout, a story of politics without economics: a story of a human who had felt that no price could come upwards from temporary dictatorship therefore long equally the laws as well as the courts protected civil rights, who showed no feeling for the ways inwards which smashing economical ability as well as unlimited funds could acquire around an inconvenient legalism.
In Dr. Brüning’s view it was the refusal of groups similar the German linguistic communication winegrowers to improve their export markets that had curtailed Germany’s export merchandise as well as intensified the depression. His utter would live comparable to an American’s blaming an economical depression inwards the U.S.A. on the activities of the Farm Bureau Federation, with scarcely a give-and-take nigh our industrial firms, or the storey of industrial employment. This was quite puzzling, inwards view of all that had happened inwards the preceding vii years.
I knew that before he was ousted, Dr. Brüning’s political enemies had called him the “I.G. Chancellor” — a proposition that the gentlemen of I.G. Farbenindustrie had got pretty much what they wanted nether his administration. Yet the human himself was far from presenting the appearance of a mortal probable to live influenced past times or to receive got much influence with “big business.” He looked a smashing bargain similar Woodrow Wilson. He had risen to the chancellorship from the post of Minister of Education, non from the board of the Deutsche Bank. Even his way was Wilsonian: a combination of professorial bewilderment as well as amazed indignation at the way the globe goes.
This human who had been at the top inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany when Hitler’s Nazi computer program was seat across had seen equally good piddling at the fourth dimension to excogitation whatever counterstrikes. Later, sitting inwards a mount hideout as well as reading an intelligent concern human relationship of an ancient Greek war, he had felt the stirrings of an awareness. Things unknown to him at the time, things he had non fifty-fifty heard about, had been moving nether his feet.
In the destination they had dethroned him as well as plunged his province as well as the globe into a major catastrophe. Yet soundless later, inwards looking dorsum on the events, he seemed to live missing the point.
I thought at the fourth dimension that I mightiness live only seeing ghosts. It was equally good slow to push clit parallels betwixt what had happened economically inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany as well as what could live happening inwards the United States. Thurman Arnold seemed to live saying, sometimes patiently, but to a greater extent than oft with an emphasis reminiscent of Donald Duck, that smashing forces were at operate through the channels of what nosotros inwards the U.S.A. had regarded equally ordinary business. Arnold was charging that some of the transactions of ordinary concern had crippled productive ability inwards the United States, regardless of the motives that prompted the private deals.
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| Milo Perkins, Feb 1938. Photo credit: Office of War Information / Library of Congress |
If Arnold was right, at that spot was something of serious full general concern inwards the private arrangements made inwards the twenties as well as thirties with American, British, as well as German linguistic communication industrialists. Yet Arnold’s boss, Attorney General Francis Biddle, did non appear to live impressed past times the dissonance Arnold was making.
By 1941 it seemed fifty-fifty that Biddle had go resentful of Arnold’s constant baying. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 paper column past times Thomas L. Stokes hinted that Arnold as well as Biddle had clashed over the investigation of international agreements betwixt Sterling Products, Inc., a drug firm, as well as Germany’s I.G. Farben.
Stokes said that Thomas G. Corcoran, belatedly of the Roosevelt encephalon trust, acting equally attorney for the Sterling companionship headed past times Corcoran’s brother, had prevailed upon the Attorney General to quash an antitrust prosecution as well as to select a “consent decree” instead.
This legal displace took authorities investigators out of the files of the Sterling theatre as well as closed the drape on the details of what had been going on betwixt Sterling as well as Farben, inwards render for the Sterling company’s hope to create clean theatre as well as comport inwards the future.
The paper stories of the Sterling example were fragmentary. They stated only that a concern organisation betwixt the ii companies had allowed the German linguistic communication theatre to hold a tight traveling steal on its overseas markets inwards Latin America during the state of war inwards spite of a tight British naval blockade.
By organisation betwixt Germany’s Farben trust as well as the Sterling firm, drugs manufactured inwards the U.S.A. had been shipped inwards mass to Farben agencies inwards Latin America. These German linguistic communication agencies labeled the drugs “made inwards Germany” as well as kept right on supplying their customers patch they laughed at the British blockade.
Early inwards 1942, Washington announced the creation of a novel means to bargain with the economical side of the war. The Board of Economic Warfare, consisting of several members of the cabinet nether the chairmanship of the Vice President, was to receive got jurisdiction over this agency, which would receive got a multifariousness of duties connected with “economic warfare.”
The thought of economical warfare seemed uncomplicated enough. Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany as well as Nippon were enemy nations. To gain state of war materials as well as to hold their people live they had to acquire some kinds of goods from territory exterior the areas their armies controlled. To hold them from getting these items, the nations on our side could resort inwards the kickoff example to naval blockade. Beyond blockades at that spot were the possibilities of buying upwards scarce commodities to hold them out of enemy hands, or of persuading non belligerents non to sell to the enemy.
These activities would, of course, connect upwards with the Air Force’s “strategic bombing” of of import production facilities inwards enemy territory — the endeavour to undermine enemy state of war production past times knocking out cardinal factories.
One nighttime inwards Feb 1942 I had a telephone telephone telephone from Edward H. Levi, ane of the members of Thurman Arnold’s staff. He asked me to go out my post at St. John’s College as well as select a seat equally special assistant to the Attorney General. I was to assist organize a unit of measurement inwards the Department of Justice to operate with the newly created Board of Economic Warfare.
Soon after the Board was laid up, Milo Perkins, its executive director, had written to the Attorney General shout out for for reports on the international concern ties betwixt American firms as well as firms inwards enemy territory, wherever these ties could live expected to operate to the payoff of the enemy.
Also Mr. Perkins had asked for whatever information that would give details of industrial plants as well as industrial production inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany as well as Japan. Such information would live useful to the Air Force equally good equally the Board of Economic Warfare.
Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 small fourth dimension later, inwards conversations with Johnston Avery, administrative assistant to Thurman Arnold, I found out to a greater extent than of the details as well as agreed to bring together the team. I worked with members of the Antitrust Division inwards setting upwards inwards the Department of Justice the Economic Warfare Section, of which I finally became chief.
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| A Croation who was forced to operate for the Nazis inwards the Siemens cable manufacturing flora inwards Berlin, August 1943. Photo credit: German Federal Archive / Wikimedia |
Once nosotros knew which American companies had agreements with which Japanese or German linguistic communication companies nosotros knew where to regain engineers as well as technicians who had visited, as well as inwards some cases fifty-fifty had drawn the blueprints for, plants making synthetic rubber, synthetic gasoline, tetraethyl lead, precision ball bearings, as well as the like.
This sort of reporting became known equally “bombing” operate as well as nosotros found ourselves rapidly dubbed the “bottleneck boys.” Air Intelligence wanted to regain out equally much equally possible nigh the manufacture inwards all areas where the Air Forces mightiness live operating. They wanted to know the relative importance of dissimilar plants, partly to assist excogitation the targets for bombing missions, as well as partly to assist inwards figuring out what they had striking after the raid was over. We had neither the staff nor the facilities to brand sweeping economical studies of German linguistic communication industries. But nosotros could regain out, from men who ought to know, which plants producing what materials were probable to live the “bottlenecks” inwards German linguistic communication production.
We had no way of knowing where all the coal mines or steel plants inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany were; but nosotros did regain out that, past times understanding with the biggest producers of precision antifriction bearings, practically all such bearings of whatever importance inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany were made inwards only iii factories grouped around the railway yards inwards Schweinfurt.
We could non locate all the gasoline refineries; but nosotros did regain out that at that spot were only iii plants equipped to brand the tetraethyl atomic number 82 which is necessary for high-octane aviation gasoline, as well as nosotros found a human who could push clit pictures of all three.
We did non know where to locate all of the mills producing brass for cartridge cases; but ane of our men did regain out that at that spot were only ii ways of making the special high-grade zinc that goes into this type of brass, both ways existence the dependent area of patents, as well as he found blueprints as well as diagrams of all plants inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany capable of making this zinc past times consulting the files of ii American companies.
While other agencies hired economists as well as technicians to lay out large studies of the German linguistic communication industrial economy, our men interviewed men from Du Pont, Standard Oil, International Telephone as well as Telegraph, Anaconda Copper, General Motors, General Electric, as well as investment bankers as well as other businessmen who had been to Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany on what turned out to live “bottleneck” deals.
As nosotros worked on the search for bottlenecks inwards German linguistic communication production, nosotros began to regain a unopen relation betwixt international concern agreements for the restriction of production as well as the kinds of products which were specially critical inwards wartime. The problem was that these international arrangements which pointed upwards the importance of sure enough commodities inwards the German linguistic communication economic scheme had also resulted inwards restriction of production inwards the United States.
Arnold’s men found that ane company, Rohm & Haas of Philadelphia, was non able itself to gain plenty transparent plastic sheets for bomber noses. But because Rohm & Haas of Philadelphia had Du Pont nether a special agreement, equally component division of a to a greater extent than complex as well as wider four-way organisation involving Du Pont as well as ii German linguistic communication firms, I.G. Farbenindustrie as well as Rohm & Haas of Darmstadt, Dupont was permitted to plough out only a limited quantity of the plastic sheets.
While authorities expediters were vehement their pilus over irksome deliveries, Du Pont was writing to Rohm & Haas of Philadelphia that they would receive got to tell the authorities nigh the understanding unless Rohm & Haas would elevator the restriction.
We discovered fifty-fifty to a greater extent than spectacular complications, such equally those inwards the three-way organisation with the aircraft-equipment firms, Bendix of the United States, Siemens of Germany, as well as Zenith inwards England.
Under ane of these arrangements the American theatre inwards 1941 had stood past times an understanding with the Siemens theatre of Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany as well as forbade British Zenith to grant patent licenses therefore that the British Air Ministry could expand production of aircraft carburetors. Almost a twelvemonth after Dunkerque, Zenith wrote to Bendix that:
The Ministry suggested they would prefer to manufacture the carburetors themselves as well as asked us to waive all our rights inwards this matter.
We receive got told them manifestly that nosotros are non prepared nether whatever circumstances to handgrip to this or to alter ane item of our contract with you.…
You know that nosotros receive got got to win the state of war if nosotros are going to hold out as well as it is because nosotros know nosotros shall win as well as hold out that nosotros are anxious that post-war concern should non live complicated past times departing from the weather of the contract inwards the meantime as well as nether the excuse of state of war conditions…
As the state of war went on Senate committees probing production bottlenecks inwards the U.S.A. helped to compile as well as brand world the records of a staggering number of similar arrangements, differing inwards item but all having the same effect. They were widely denounced but principally on the Blue Planet that they represented “business equally usual” during wartime. Editorials solemnly pronounced that all such arrangements should live “out for the duration.”
These concern arrangements operated at focal points where it was possible to plough on as well as off the main valves inwards economical pipelines. It was non long before nosotros found that the organisation of valves as well as pipelines was a two-way affair.
Our elation at the uncovering that practically all of Germany’s fine optical drinking glass came from ane factory, the Schott Works at Jena, was counteracted past times the uncovering that nether the same working organisation only ane such manufacturing flora of whatever importance existed inwards the United States. The pivot betoken for bombing inwards Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany could live the pattern for sabotage inwards the United States.
As if to add together betoken to such thoughts nigh sabotage, during the summertime of 1942 the Justice edifice inwards Washington played host to the trial of viii Nazi saboteurs who had been landed past times submarine to blow upwards some of the cardinal factories inwards the United States.
Morning as well as eve the dark vans of the U.S.A. Marshal trundled the prisoners nether our windows as well as all twenty-four hr menses long the drawn blinds on a row of windows ii stories upwards as well as across the courtyard were a reminder that sabotage inwards the literal sense of the term was non only a theoretical possibility.
But sabotage inwards its literal sense was non the point. As our piecemeal reports stacked upwards a moving-picture demonstrate began to emerge of an enemy that did non demand the services of trained, professional person spies as well as saboteurs.
By understanding betwixt German linguistic communication as well as American producers of magnesium — needed for aircraft — production inwards the U.S.A. before the state of war was limited to no to a greater extent than than 5000 tons per year. In contrast, Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany inwards 1939 solitary used 13,500 tons as well as during the adjacent 5 years consumed magnesium at the charge per unit of measurement of 33,000 tons per year.
Here was a example where American “business-is-business” men had, knowingly or unknowingly, helped a German linguistic communication theatre to unopen some valves over here, with far to a greater extent than trial than the viii saboteurs could ever receive got achieved fifty-fifty if they had been allowed to practise their utmost.
Plants which receive got never been built are to a greater extent than dead than plants which receive got been bombed. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 bombed flora may soundless live inwards its blueprints as well as inwards the trained labor forcefulness that had been operating it.
As the evidence piled upwards to demonstrate German linguistic communication success inwards negotiating restrictive arrangements, the contrast betwixt the limited possibilities of hush-hush sabotage as well as the greater possibilities of safely negotiated concern arrangements became to a greater extent than as well as to a greater extent than heavily underlined with each passing of the Black Marias nether our windows.
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| Attorney General Francis Biddle, Feb 1935. Photo credit: Library of Congress / Wikimedia |
Finally, combined pressure level from the War as well as Navy Departments as well as the War Production Board prevailed inwards suspending the enforcement of the antitrust laws for the duration of the state of war inwards all cases affecting industries considered of import to the state of war effort.
All that was necessary to halt an investigation or the prosecution of a example was a certification from Robert P. Patterson, Undersecretary of War, James V. Forrestal, Undersecretary of the Navy, as well as John Lord O’Brian, General Counsel of the War Production Board, that whatever endeavour to press the example would interfere with the state of war effort.
This signaled the destination of Thurman Arnold’s smashing trust-busting drive. Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 small fourth dimension after Arnold allowed himself to live kicked upstairs. He accepted an appointment equally jurist of the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia.
With Arnold’s difference the Attorney General showed signs of to a greater extent than serious involvement inwards the evidence of how the German linguistic communication computer program of economical warfare had been carried out. Biddle called for to a greater extent than as well as to a greater extent than thumbnail sketches of what nosotros were discovering.
By the natural springtime of 1944 the fourth dimension came to add together upwards the score. In iii years, with a staff of less than 60 people, nosotros had prepared thirty-six hundred of these snapshots of German linguistic communication economical ability inwards action; but the Attorney General wanted to know the conclusions of all these findings. We began to summarize our moving-picture demonstrate of an enemy that could hold out a armed forces defeat because it did non demand or exercise armed forces weapons.
This enemy did hold out armed forces defeat after World War I. We had inwards front end of us the story of what lay behind the Ruhr job of 1923, the runaway German linguistic communication inflation, the Dawes as well as Young plans, the Dillon, Read as well as the Schroder bond issues, the increment of the Ruhr equally the “industrial catch of Europe,” Germany’s unusual obsession with heavy manufacture at the expense of consumer goods—“guns, non butter.”
As nosotros summarized these findings, the Attorney General took to a greater extent than as well as to a greater extent than interest, became fascinated, began to speak inwards favor of doing something to foreclose it all from happening again. He talked to President Roosevelt. In the autumn of 1944 the President wanted some of these findings publicized, to pave the way for serious postwar policies to bargain with the problem. He wrote his famous alphabetic quality of September 6, 1944, to Secretary of State Hull:
… The history of the exercise of the I.G. Farben trust past times the Nazis reads similar a detective story. Defeat of the Nazi armies volition receive got to live followed past times the eradication of these weapons of economical warfare.
We had started out to acquire a moving-picture demonstrate of our armed forces enemy as well as had found a much bigger enemy, of a quite dissimilar sort from the pop moving-picture demonstrate of hobnailed Nazis with guns as well as tanks.
Late inwards the summertime of 1944 Francis Biddle, the human who iii years before had found nix real of import inwards the Sterling Products case, as well as who ii years before had been amused past times Thurman Arnold’s “bombardment” of Germany, told a Senate commission what he thought must live done during the job of Germany.
… As nosotros approach the job of Germany, nosotros volition receive got to create upwards one's heed what is to live done with the smashing German linguistic communication monopolistic firms. These are the firms that made the contracts inwards which [we]are interested. The menses betwixt the wars was only an armistice during which the firms of Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany conducted state of war against us. The British representative on the Inter-Allied Commission Supervising German linguistic communication Disarmament stated inwards a lecture inwards 1923:
“We, inwards this country, flatter ourselves that the state of war ended on Jan 10, 1920; a hereafter generation may yet depict the menses inwards which nosotros are living equally an armistice during which the state of war was continued past times other methods than rifle as well as howitzer, only to live resumed inwards all its carnal horror after the lapse of a few ambiguous years.”
These firms inwards reality operated equally departments of the German linguistic communication Government. They evaded as well as violated the peace treaties inwards club to construct upwards Germany’s armed forces strength. It was the theory of the German linguistic communication Government that operating nether the guise of ordinary commercial arrangements, these firms could live used to weaken Europe as well as America therefore that when the armed forces state of war was resumed, nosotros would lose. Through the techniques of industrial penetration, they hoped to live able to cripple American production, to gain from us technical know-how, to demeanour espionage upon us, as well as to found centers of propaganda throughout the world.
The shadow of the Sterling example moved across Mr. Biddle’s account. Sterling had taken over the American Bayer Company after World War I as well as it was what Sterling as well as I.G. Farben had agreed to practise with the concern of American Bayer that had been the nub of the Sterling Products example inwards 1941. Mr. Biddle inwards 1944 told the Senate committee:
I.G. Farbenindustrie is the principal combine which has been used past times the German linguistic communication Government to endeavour to trammel American production. It is the successor to the German linguistic communication dye trust which attempted prior to the in conclusion state of war to hold an independent American manufacture from developing. The president of the American Bayer Co., which was owned past times the German linguistic communication dye trust, was told past times his German linguistic communication superiors that his accomplishments inwards belongings downward American production before the in conclusion state of war could live compared to the operate of an Blue Planet forces leader who had succeeded “in destroying 3 railroad trains of xl cars containing 4½ 1000000 pounds of explosives.”
After amplifying these conclusions with farther facts he pounded habitation his point:
I hope, equally the years go by, nosotros volition non forget … non because I want to receive got private American companies condemned, but because these things should non live permitted to remove identify again. It is the scheme nether which Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany was able to brand these cartel agreements that must live broken up.
At the introduce fourth dimension it is in all probability inaccurate to speak of separate combines or cartels inwards the German linguistic communication economy. They are all linked together—the munition makers, the potash industry, the machine trust, the crude industry, the electrical manufacturers, the steel trust, as well as the chemic companies. They be equally component division of the Nazi government. We may expect, however, that when the authorities falls they volition appear ane time to a greater extent than equally separate combines. The companies which were used equally instruments to violate the peace treaties, to dominate manufacture inwards Europe, to back upwards the Nazi state of war machine, as well as to trammel production hither volition therefore appear inwards the guise of ordinary commercial firms.
The Attorney General seat his finger on the gist of what nosotros had learned when he underscored the fact that
“The pattern of the activity of these firms was established before the Nazis came to ability as well as during the early on days of the German linguistic communication Republic. The German linguistic communication Government as well as the German linguistic communication people equally a whole receive got never accepted the doctrines of economical liberalism which run through American history. The monopolistic firms of Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany receive got survived inwards that province through ii wars as well as constitute a definite menace to the hereafter peace of the world. As long equally they hold out inwards their introduce shape it volition live exceedingly hard to develop independent manufacture inwards Europe exterior of Germany.”
He called for action.
“I suggest that nosotros interruption the ability of the German linguistic communication monopolistic firms. The exercise of such a computer program would non live to destroy German linguistic communication economical life inwards its entirety, but to seat its industries into a shape where they volition no longer constitute a menace to the civilized world. I practise non underestimate the difficulties involved inwards such a program.… Such a computer program cannot live worked out inwards whatever definite shape on paper as well as at this distance from the patch of operations. It volition receive got to hold off the menses of supervision over these companies that should come upwards during the job period. But this is a physical care for which nosotros did non follow after the in conclusion war. It volition non live followed inwards this state of war unless nosotros brand upwards our minds to practise it at ane time as well as laid upwards for it … [We must] receive got some moving-picture demonstrate of what this complicated industrial interconnection is when, after Federal Republic of Federal Republic of Germany has been conquered, nosotros sit down downward as well as say: ‘What volition nosotros practise to interruption upwards this industrial domination?’”
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"There are only ii mistakes ane tin ship away brand along the route to truth;
not going all the way, as well as non starting." — Buddha
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